Lessons from a history of beer canteens and licensed clubs in Indigenous Australian communities

This paper aims to provide historical depth to the idea that alcoholic drinks should be made available in licensed canteens or clubs in discrete Aboriginal communities. Abstract The idea that alcoholic drinks should be made available in licensed canteens or clubs in discrete Aboriginal communities has a contentious history in Australian public policy. This discussion paper aims to provide some historical depth to the latest resurgence of interest in the idea. The paper traces the social and policy changes that created a context within which it was thought that rationed sales of alcohol in home communities would encourage responsible drinking practices among Indigenous drinkers. Such experiments followed closely on the repeal of Aboriginal prohibition in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland. The paper also discusses what went wrong with these establishments and makes suggestions for the futur

Teaching ‘Proper’ Drinking?

"In Teaching ‘Proper’ Drinking?, the author brings together three fields of scholarship: socio-historical studies of alcohol, Australian Indigenous policy history and social enterprise studies. The case studies in the book offer the first detailed surveys of efforts to teach responsible drinking practices to Aboriginal people by installing canteens in remote communities, and of the purchase of public hotels by Indigenous groups in attempts both to control sales of alcohol and to create social enterprises by redistributing profits for the community good. Ethnographies of the hotels are examined through the analytical lens of the Swedish ‘Gothenburg’ system of municipal hotel ownership. The research reveals that the community governance of such social enterprises is not purely a matter of good administration or compliance with the relevant liquor legislation. Their administration is imbued with the additional challenges posed by political contestation, both within and beyond the communities concerned. ‘The idea that community or government ownership and management of a hotel or other drinking place would be a good way to control drinking and limit harm has been commonplace in many Anglophone and Nordic countries, but has been less recognised in Australia. Maggie Brady’s book brings together the hidden history of such ideas and initiatives in Australia … In an original and wide-ranging set of case studies, Brady shows that success in reducing harm has varied between communities, largely depending on whether motivations to raise revenue or to reduce harm are in control.’ — Professor Robin Room, Director, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University

Dealing with disorder : strategies of accommodation among the Southern Pitjantjatjara, Australia

I have utilised the orthography favoured by teachers and organisations associated with the Pitjantjatjara; my first lessons in the language were taught by Nancy Sheppard, previously of Ernabella who used this system (cf.Sheppard,1975). Pitjantjatjara uses seventeen consonants, and six vowels. The plosives p, k, t and tj are unaspirated. The language has two sounds indicated by r; a rolled r, symbolised as rr; and a retroflexed r. I have not indicated these retroflexes in the text, but point out here that the two words containing retroflexed r so.unds I use most frequently in the thesis are malu (red kangaroo), a retroflexed lateral; and anangu (Aboriginal person), a retroflexed nasal. There are three long vowel sounds, symbolised as ii, aa and uu; short vowels are i as in 'hit'; a as in 'cut' and u as in 'put'. Consonants are pronounced as follows: tj as an unaspirated English 'j'; ng as in 'long'; ny as in 'canyon'; ly has no English equivalent; w, y and m are pronounced as in English

The development and implementation of alcohol policy: Anthropological insights on translation from the global (the World Health Organization) to the local (Indigenous Australia)

The development and implementation of alcohol policy: Anthropological insights on translation from the global (the World Health Organization) to the local (Indigenous Australia

Influence of Ground Reaction Forces and Joint Velocities on Kicking Velocity

Introduction: Kicking is a vital component in the game of soccer. One major factor that influences the success of a scoring attempt is ball velocity. Ground reaction force (GRF) and joint velocities of the lower extremities are variables of interest for increasing kicking velocity. Previous studies have shown exercise programs used to strengthen the muscles used in kicking have been successful in increasing kicking velocity (Manolopoulos, et al., 2013).[GJR1] To date, no known studies have analyzed the specific relationship between GRF, joint velocity and kicking velocity. Purpose: The goal of this pilot study was to analyze the influence of ground reaction forces and joint velocities on kicking velocity. Methods: Four female Division II collegiate soccer players [GJR2] completed 3 instep soccer kicks [GJR3] using their dominant, right leg. Their motion was captured using the Cortex 8.1 Motion Analysis Software. Ball velocity, right and left anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and right and left ankle velocities were calculated using the motion analysis software. Ground reaction forces from the plant leg were also measured using force plate data from the Cortex software. Bivariate Pearson correlations with 0.95 confidence intervals were computed using SPSS version 28 for the resultant velocities of the right and left ASIS, right and left ankles, and the velocity of the ball. They were also calculated for the peak GRF in the anteroposterior (X), mediolateral (Y) and vertical (Z) directions and ball velocity. A correlation value of \u3e0.800 or \u3c -0.800 was considered significant. Results: Significant correlations were found between peak resultant ball velocity and GRF in the X direction (-0.907), GRF in the Y direction (0.867), R ASIS velocity (0.950), R ankle velocity (0.855), and L ankle velocity (0.977). No significant correlations were found between peak resultant ball velocity and GRF in the Z direction (0.788), or peak resultant ball velocity and peak joint velocity of the L ASIS (0.692). Conclusion: Braking force of the planting leg is shown to correlate significantly with kicking velocity. Although high braking force allows for a faster ball, this can have other implications to injury [GJR4] (Ball, 2012; Jones & Graham-Smith, 2016). Linear velocity of the hip also allows for greater ball velocity. As a pilot study, this study lacks the statistical power to extrapolate the information to larger populations. Therefore, additional studies are needed to further investigate the relationships between kicking mechanics and the resulting ball velocity

Correlation Between Quadriceps and Hamstring Isokinetic Strength to Ball Velocity During a Soccer Kick

When kicking a soccer ball, large forces are generated by the quadriceps and hamstring muscles that extend and flex the knee. The angular acceleration[GJR1] at this joint and the torques produced are[GJR2] related. PURPOSE: The goal of this pilot study was to explore the relationship between isokinetic strength[GJR3] of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles to velocity of a kicked soccer ball and determine if isokinetic testing of quadriceps and hamstring strength can predict soccer ball velocity during a kick. Methods: Four female NCAA Division II soccer athletes completed maximal effort knee flexion and extension at three isokinetic speeds, 60°/second, 180°/second, and 300°/second using the Biodex 3 Isokinetic Dynamometer. Cortex 8.1 Motion Analysis Software was used to record three maximal kicks with the dominant leg. Bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between both data sets using SPSS version 28. Results: Ball velocity was significantly and positively correlated with Right Leg Flexion Acceleration time at 60°/second(r= 0.860),[GJR4] Left Leg Extension Acceleration at 180°/second (r= 0.950), and Left Leg Extension Acceleration at 300°/second (r= 0.915). Two significant negative relationships were discovered between ball velocity and left leg extension acceleration at 300°/second (r= -0.950), and left angle of peak extension torque at 300°/second (r= - 0.915). Conclusion: The ability to quickly accelerate the non-kicking leg to extension combined with the ability to reach angle of peak extension torque is associated with the ability to quickly stabilize the plant leg. Flexion of the kicking leg at a lower angular velocity corresponds with a higher force production and when combined with a positive correlation to ball velocity, suggests increased loading of the kicking leg prior to ball contact. Lastly, the negative correlation between ball velocity and kicking-leg extension acceleration would suggest that faster acceleration leads to increased ball velocity. Because of this, isokinetic testing of the quadricep and hamstring strength is likely a good predictor of kicking velocity. Further testing is required to determine if present correlations are applicable to other populations of soccer athletes, which can affect training and return-to-play practices

Total Cellular ATP Production Changes With Primary Substrate in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Cancer growth is predicted to require substantial rates of substrate catabolism and ATP turnover to drive unrestricted biosynthesis and cell growth. While substrate limitation can dramatically alter cell behavior, the effects of substrate limitation on total cellular ATP production rate is poorly understood. Here, we show that MCF7 breast cancer cells, given different combinations of the common cell culture substrates glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate, display ATP production rates 1.6-fold higher than when cells are limited to each individual substrate. This increase occurred mainly through faster oxidative ATP production, with little to no increase in glycolytic ATP production. In comparison, non-transformed C2C12 myoblast cells show no change in ATP production rate when substrates are limited. In MCF7 cells, glutamine allows unexpected access to oxidative capacity that pyruvate, also a strictly oxidized substrate, does not. Pyruvate, when added with other exogenous substrates, increases substrate-driven oxidative ATP production, by increasing both ATP supply and demand. Overall, we find that MCF7 cells are highly flexible with respect to maintaining total cellular ATP production under different substrate-limited conditions, over an acute (within minutes) timeframe that is unlikely to result from more protracted (hours or more) transcription-driven changes to metabolic enzyme expression. The near-identical ATP production rates maintained by MCF7 and C2C12 cells given single substrates reveal a potential difficulty in using substrate limitation to selectively starve cancer cells of ATP. In contrast, the higher ATP production rate conferred by mixed substrates in MCF7 cells remains a potentially exploitable difference